Aplicación del programa “Galicia de reeducación de agresores de género” en el Estado de México

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo dar cuenta del impacto que tuvo el programa “Galicia de reeducación de agresores de género” en 65 participantes del género masculino tipificados como agresores primarios de violencia de género y atendidos en los Centros de Atención y Retención ubicados en los municipios de Atizapán, Ecatepec y Tlalnepantla del Estado de México. Se trata de un procedimiento psicológico enfocado en disminuir la agresión ante el género femenino y con ello contribuir a reducir la tasa de feminicidios. La intervención consistió en realizar una investigación documental de los casos para poder proceder a la aplicación del tratamiento adecuado (flexible y adaptable). La duración fue de entre seis a ocho meses, de acuerdo con las sanciones legales que estipulaban los casos. En los resultados se observó una disminución de la conducta agresiva en los participantes mediante la mejora de habilidades de solución de problemas cotidianos, de comunicación con el género femenino y la reducción de conductas violentas en contra el género femenino.


Introduction
The present work is the result of a documentary and field research focused on treating psychotherapeutically the primary aggressor of gender violence in Mexico. Unfortunately, this type of violence occupies the first place of aggressions against women. According to the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships (Endireh) (cited in the National Institute of Statistics and Geography [Inegi], November 22, 2018), 19.1 million women over 15 years of age have faced violence by your current or last partner, husband or boyfriend, throughout your relationship; in 64.0% of the cases it is about severe and very severe violence. Since the couple is statistically the primary aggressor, with whom they routinely coexist, women are at a worrying degree of vulnerability. "This situation has remained at similar levels during the last 10 years" (Inegi, November 22, 2018, p. 2).
Furthermore, the couple ranks second as the cause of femicide, again following the data obtained by Endireh (Inegi, August 18, 2017). In the first six months of 2020, from January to June, 1,844 homicides of women were registered, which confirms the fact that in the country 10 women are murdered every day (García, February 13, 2021). In short, gender violence by the partner will be treated here as the main nucleus of femicide. The director of the National Institute of Women (Inmujeres), Nadine Gasman, during her presentation to the media in March 2019, spoke about the problem and the imminent need to eradicate the problem. She and for this she proposed: 1) protecting women from mistreatment and 2) changing the way of thinking of the Mexican through programs to work with masculinity.
Undoubtedly, now is the time to give treatment alternatives scientifically proven and successfully executed for several years in other societies similar to the Mexican one. In this sense, the program "Galicia for the re-education of gender aggressors" is proposed here. Salvatierra (2007) mentions that femicide is as old as patriarchy. This act is performed by men to ensure male dominance.

Gender violence and femicide
For his part, Romero (2014) tracks and identifies that the issue emerged as a result of the judicial processes undertaken against the perpetrators of crimes and abuses during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During the Japanese occupation of southern China (1937), thousands of civilians were massacred, mostly women mistreated and murdered with the luxury of cruelty. And the discussion continued with the event of massive rapes of girls and young women that occurred in Bangladesh (1971) and the massacre of college girls in Montreal. Taking the foregoing into account, "[Diana] Russell defines femicides as:' crimes perpetrated against women simply because they are '" (Romero, 2014, p. 42 In Mexico, the evidence and the record on femicide have been carried out since 1993. First, the focus was in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, where recurrent acts of violence against women began to occur that culminated in femicides and before which authorities ignored due to lack of sensitivity (Romero, 2014).
In the State of Mexico, data from previous inquiries allow us to affirm that 51% of victims of gender violence were in an age range that goes from 16 to 40 years, which is why it is positioned as the sector with the highest risk, the most socially and sexually active stage (Arteaga and Valdés, 2010). Most of these women were murdered by their partner (55%), either formal or informal (married, divorced, separated or in common law). "While women reported simply as single comprise 28% of the revised ministerial records" (Arteaga and Valdés, 2010, p. 16). Guerra (2018), after systematically collecting data, reports 1,559 femicides in 2016 alone. Women "disregarded, burned, raped, shot to death, abandoned in canals, rivers, lands, roads, disappeared, dispossessed, denigrated, forgotten, disqualified" ( Guerra, 2018, p. 21) In addition, she comments that it is a phenomenon not taken at its level of importance by the authorities and society. Indeed: Only 18.79% of the femicides in the country were "investigated"; 1,155 of these are neither responsible nor detained; 76 alleged culprits are fugitives and 35 committed suicide after murdering their partners or ex-partners on the murdered women (Guerra, 2018, p. 22).
On the other hand, we have the records of government institutions. Endireh (2003,2006,2011,2016) is a valuable source on violence against women, since it collects data from public and academic institutions, international organizations and civil society, in addition to adding different objectives and perspectives, which provides a panoramic vision of the social problem and its connotations. One of its hardest data is that 40.1% of women have suffered some emotional aggression by their partner, 20.9% a violent act related to the economy or wealth, 17.9% physical aggression and 6.5% sexual.
Consequently, due to its high incidence in Mexico, the Committee for the Elimination

The accepted vulnerability brought about by the primary aggressor
There are different types of femicide, depending on the circumstances and the modus operandi, although the general premise of "for gender reasons" in all cases is maintained.
Julia Monárrez (2010), in addition to building an important database of femicides in Ciudad Juárez, took into account the cause or motive of the perpetrator and the kinship relationship to categorize the different expressions of femicides. Here the so-called intimate feminicide is particularly rescued: the murder of a woman committed by a man with whom the victim had or had had a relationship or an intimate link: husband, ex-husband, partner, boyfriend, ex-boyfriend or lover (Monárrez, 2010). This relationship was at some point accepted expressly or by submission (López, 2010).
The crimes of femicides are clearly crimes of power whose behavioral model has a double function: on the one hand, retention or maintenance, and on the other, the reproduction of power (Moscovici, 2002). So it is not considered an isolated and closed event in itself.
They are traditional social constructions through which men and women interact and through which machismo is perpetuated. In this way, femicides are not only the expression of a crisis (social, economic or of values), but a manifestation of the conception of women as objects (Jiménez, 2011).

Classification of feminicide and gender violence in Mexico
Article 325 of the Mexican Federal Penal Code provides the following: "Anyone who deprives a woman of her life for reasons of gender commits the crime of femicide" (Ministry of the Interior, July 1, 2020, p. 99). In addition: "Whoever commits the crime of femicide will be imposed from forty to sixty years in prison and a fine from five hundred to one thousand days" (Ministry of the Interior, July 1, 2020, p. 100).

Vol. 10, Núm. 20 Julio -Diciembre 2021
In addition to the above, in article 343 Bis: The crime of family violence is committed by anyone who carries out acts or conducts of dominance, control or physical, psychological, patrimonial or economic aggression against any person with whom he or she meets or has been united by marriage bond, by kinship by consanguinity, affinity or civil, cohabitation, or a relationship within or outside the family home.
Whoever commits the crime of family violence will be imposed from six months to four years in prison and will lose the right to alimony. He was also subject to specialized psychological treatment (Secretaría de Gobernación, 1 de julio de 2020, p. 102).
For its part, in the Penal Code of the State of Mexico, in addition to classifying femicide in the same way as in the federal one, it adds the following: VIII. As a result of gender violence, the active subject may be a known or unknown person and without any type of relationship.
In the cases referred to in this article [281], the penalty shall be forty to seventy years in prison or life imprisonment and a fine of seven hundred to five thousand days.
In addition to the sanctions described in this article, the active subject will lose all rights in relation to the victim, including those of an inheritance nature.
The penalty will be aggravated by up to one third when the victim is a minor, pregnant or disabled woman, as well as when the active subject is a public servant and has committed the conduct using this condition (LIII Legislatura del Estado de México, 20 de marzo de 2020, p. 94).
Although in Mexico great steps have been taken with respect to the adoption of international standards and specific laws for the protection of women's rights in domestic legislation, for example, the creation of the program "Alert on gender violence against women", A mechanism for the protection of human rights supported by the General Law on Women's Access to a Life Free of Violence, continues to be insufficient given the high rates of violence against them.

Attention to aggressors and victims, response to articles 325 and 343 Bis
In Mexico, there are intervention programs for victims and also for offenders within prisons for intermittent periods, within a custodial sentence, granted by the servants of the federal prison system with the aim of re-educating and achieving social reintegration through rehabilitation. The programs are extracted from European models, but they have had little diffusion, in addition to the fact that the systematized record of their benefits has not been scientifically documented. For example, there was an effort to use the manual by Ruiz et al. (2010), created in Spain, to develop motivational aspects and the gender perspective in a prison context. There is also evidence in the case file of the registry of voluntary and mandatory access programs for gender aggressors developed in the community and carried out alongside the protection of the victim in the homes of social organizations and the state.

Alternative treatment for primary offenders
The history of assistance programs for primary gender offenders begins in the 1970s and was on the rise in the 1980s. The most recognized are the "Emerge" program founded in Boston, Massachusetts (1977); the "Duluth model", first implemented in Minnesota (1981); the "Men Against Men's Violence" program, started in Hamburg (1984); the "Respect" program, developed in the United Kingdom, and the "Change" program, implemented in Scotland (1989). What is being pursued in these decades is a change in the social and legal paradigm promoted mainly by the feminist movement (Pérez, Giménez and Espinoza, 2012) Taking into account the aforementioned article 343 Bis, which stipulates that the perpetrator "will be subjected to specialized psychological treatment" (Ministry of the Interior, July 1, 2020, p. 102), a program is proposed, the "Galicia de reeducation of gender abusers ", based, tested and executed mainly in the region of Galicia, Spain, and emerged from works such as that of Ruiz et al. (2010), Lila, Gracia and Herrero (2012) and Arce and Fariña (2010). The virtues of the program is that it addresses specific socio-legal characteristics. In addition, it is possible to adapt the treatment design to the diagnosis made: Specialized psychological treatment used Arce, Fariña, Vázquez, Novo and Seijo (2015) emphasize that interventions of this type must be adjustable to the needs and evolution of the case. If carried out correctly, they can contribute to reducing the frequency of abusive behaviors and preventing relapses (Arce and Fariña, 2010).
The technical file of the program is as follows: 1) It is designed for adult primary domestic violence offenders with intelligence and mental health within normal parameters.
2) The intervention can be group, individual or mixed.
3) The context of intervention, open or closed environment.

4)
Measures for recidivism are considered (external behavioral reports and victim reports).

5)
The treatment periods depend on the evolution of the accused, supported by records of sessions.

Method
This is a quasi-experimental investigation. The sample consisted of 65 male participants classified as primary gender aggressors, who attended an intervention or treatment of seven modules (specified in procedure) and documentary and psychometric evaluations by modules. The data obtained were subjected to a quantitative analysis using descriptive statistics.

Research question
• Know the impact that the "Galicia program for the reeducation of gender abusers" has in reducing violent behavior against the female gender?

Participants
We R-2" (MMPI-R-2). The entire inventory or only the scales suggested by the interview were applied according to the case (Butcher, et al., 1995).
II) The intelligence and general mental ability was evaluated through the "Progressive matrix test" by Raven (2015).

III)
Addictions through the "Alcohol, tobacco and substance use detection test", prepared by WHO (2011), translated and adapted by PAHO.

5)
The treatment was carried out individually, in a group or mixed, with six modules, in 30 sessions (one session per week) and a total treatment time of six to eight months.

6)
The statistics used were descriptive to obtain the characteristics of the sample, as well as the application of the treatment. Mainly the percentage measure was used, because it serves as a unit to compare the population.

Application of treatment by modules
1) Establishment of the diagnosis. Conducting interviews and psychometric evaluations to generate guidelines for programming that will be adjusted according to the evolution of the primary aggressor including: a) multimodal therapeutic orientation (cognitive and behavioral), b) multilevel according to the case (individual, family, labor and socio-community and c) obligations to be met by entering the program.
2) Accountability for violent behavior. Security management and risk control are included, both ordinary and extraordinary.
3) Awareness about the cycle of violence. The relationship between situations, thoughts, emotions and behaviors is shown through role play to identify situations that generate tension.
At the end of the module, a psychological, behavioral and family reevaluation is As can be seen, it is a complete program that deals with different aspects of the primary gender aggressor, which was applied for the first time in 2005 and was refined until 2015, when it was published. This program assumes the perspective of therapeutic justice: it establishes a link between the judicial process and the reeducation of the convicted person (Arce, Fariña and Novo, 2014).
The specifications of the program and procedures to be followed can be found in Arce et al., (2015). The evaluation of the program is found in unit 12, with the materials blocks I and II, where you will find the cards for individual or group sessions (Arce et al., 2015).

Results
A descriptive analysis was carried out to know the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample, characteristics of the sessions, attendance and to measure the impact of the treatment in the 65 participants (primary gender aggressors).
Within the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample, a majority age range was reported between 26 to 35 years (32%); their marital status was mostly married (58%); the basic academic level prevailed (45%), as well as a low economic level (49%) (see table 1).  (2019) The average number of sessions that took place in each treatment unit was recorded.
Here it was visualized that the average was in accordance with the Intervention Manual (Ruiz et al., 2015). He also obtained the percentage of attendance by treatment unit to see the progress of the patients. In this case, ten patients dropped out of treatment in the third and fourth units due to lack of commitment and the start of personal and family monitoring (see Table 3).

Discussion
Research tests a treatment for the primary gender-based offender to decrease genderbased violence. However, it is important to note that here, as it is a multifactorial problem, only part of it is being addressed. As Bejarano (2014) mentions, violence against women must be addressed in a comprehensive manner. Even with everything, the part attended in this study is very important, because it provides treatment to the ideas and behaviors of the perpetrator, generator of gender violence and femicide.
There are other efforts to reduce the problem of gender violence targeting victims.
These are actions that can be complementary and partially solve this serious problem, which has many edges, as Russell and Radford (2006) also make clear. Because it is a problem of a social and cultural nature, it requires the intervention of human rights and the judiciary.
And above all of joint actions that change the way of thinking and acting of the victim as well as the perpetrator (Castañeda, et al., 2013).
It is true that there are a considerable number of programs aimed at victims, but the cause of the problem must also be addressed, "the thought of superiority of the perpetrator" (Arce et al., 2014). It should be remembered that the perpetrator exercises a role of power because socially he is encouraged, reinforced and not punished. Relearning through treatment provides the perpetrator with therapeutic justice to vindicate themselves before society and change the way they think and act. The perpetrator requires modifying her beliefs or the core of her performance. If the generators of gender violence are controlled, it will be possible to influence femicide (Bejarano, 2014). This is a form of thought and impulse control or modification.
Vol. 10, Núm. 20 Julio -Diciembre 2021 It has been shown that the aggressors are not mentally ill who act without responsibility for the act, but are subjects who have behavioral problems, generated by learned thoughts of female disability (Lila et al, 2012). The application of a programmed, comprehensive, and flexible treatment is a good alternative to reduce gender aggression (Arce et al., 2015).
It is important to note that the treatment was adjusted both to the psychological and behavioral evaluations and to the case situations. Regarding the latter, it is about the specific sentences in time for the treatment, the legal processes of execution or the lack of interest of the participants for social cohesion, factors that work as scourges for the perpetrator because they delay recovery (Castañeda et al., 2013).

Conclusions
Originally, the treatment is designed for 52 sessions and here it was adjusted to 30 sessions due to judicial and personal requirements. Thus, an impact was observed in the solution of daily problems (72%), improvement of communication skills with the female gender (80%) and the awareness and disapproval of violent behaviors against the female gender (70%), factors that they undoubtedly contribute to reducing the risk of femicide. It is necessary to continue with the registration and monitoring, supporting the coping with their reality and for the prevention of relapses. The total recovery and social integration of the perpetrator is essential for the family, "nucleus of society", where gender equality is vital for society to function in an integral and balanced way.

Future lines of research
According to the research carried out, we can say that the findings of the psychological treatment of the perpetrators are very interesting, because they are people who suffer from the problems of daily life and that their reactions are a reflection of what they have learned, and when they are Attend, they can visualize their misconduct and the impact it has on both their personal and family life, then the perpetrators begin to make the change.
The new research will be to implement other types of treatments for populations classified as primary gender aggressors and thus be able to compare their impact and have different alternatives that can help reduce gender violence.