Violencia de género ante el confinamiento e intervención policial por causa de la covid-19 en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua

La violencia de género ha aumentado en el mundo en los últimos meses. En México, durante este periodo de aislamiento y de quedarse en casa ante la pandemia del coronavirus, las mujeres corren mayor riesgo de sufrir violencia familiar. En otras palabras, se encuentran en una situación todavía más vulnerable durante esta emergencia sanitaria. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el impacto del confinamiento por la pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 en la dinámica de las familias en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. El enfoque es de carácter documental, por lo que se procedió a la indagación, recolección, organización, análisis e interpretación de información o datos en torno a la violencia contra la mujer en periódicos y bases de datos oficiales. Como parte de los resultados, se encontró que las denuncias por violencia familiar aumentaron cerca de 30 % durante los primeros meses de pandemia. A pesar de este incremento, sin embargo, los diferentes niveles de Gobierno no han tenido una estrategia clara para atenderla.


Introduction
According to Buchholz (April 22, 2020), gender-based violence increased in 2020 as a result of the confinement by covid-19. In general, when faced with situations of disease or some factor that entails or that competes with public health, the social inequalities implied in the socioeconomic and health systems are accentuated (Buchholz, April 22, 2020). It happened in previous pandemics, for example, the one caused by the Ebola virus, and it is happening in the current one, according to researchers from Columbia University (Buchholz, 22 de abril de 2020).
"The norms and gender roles that relegate women to the field of domestic work place them in the front line in times of crisis, which implies a greater risk of exposure; instead, they are excluded when acting responses are developed ", Terry McGovern, lead author of the study [published in the journal Bioethics] indicates in a press release. (Buchholz, 22 de abril de 2020, párr. 2).
Taking the above information as a starting point, the objective of this research was to know the impact of confinement due to the covid-19 pandemic on the dynamics of families in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. The concern, in terms of the research assumption, is that the possibilities of an increase in family violence are very high as a consequence of the reduced spaces and little awareness by the authorities in the border city in question.
In fact, this is how the international trend shows. A clear example is that, in February 2020, during the quarantine applied in the province of Hubei, China, as a protection measure against the contagion of the covid-19 virus, the number of reports of domestic violence in the police station tripled of the town (Buchholz, April 22, 2020). Likewise, in Spain, there has been an increase. For example, in Andalusia there were cases of 44 women who were victims of gender violence and, therefore, 47 minors under their care were admitted during the first month of home confinement after the decree of the state of alarm in this country 1 And in the same Iberian territory, the Equality Unit of the University of Malaga underlines an increase in the probability of suffering aggression in the case of women due to gender violence due to the aforementioned health emergency measures (Buchholz, 22 de abril de 2020). 1 En respuesta al número creciente de casos de COVID-19 durante la pandemia de 2020, el Gobierno español, en su sesión extraordinaria del sábado 14 de marzo de 2020, declaró el estado de alarma, lo que conllevó como principal medida la imposición de una cuarentena nacional. La medida, que entró en vigor a las 00:00 horas del domingo 15 de marzo, fue una de las medidas de emergencia para reducir el contagio.

Materials and Methods
Paradigms function as general frameworks in research to understand the approaches and their coherence with the objectives. Rodríguez (2013) determines that the scientific paradigm "can be understood as a set of beliefs and attitudes, as a vision of the world shared by a group of researchers, and that specifically implies a specific methodology in the practice of research" (p. 23 ). In this research article, the quantitative methodology was used, which, following Tamayo (2014), consists of the contrast of existing theories from a series of hypotheses, and for which it is necessary to obtain a sample, either in a random or discriminated way, but representative of a population or phenomenon under study (Rodríguez, 2013). In accordance with the objective set for this work and given the need to define the approach that should guide it, some of the attributes of the quantitative approach are exposed here. It is known that in order to delimit a research paradigm it is necessary to take into account the epistemological, ontological and methodological axes, since, as Guba and Lincoln (2000) did, these three elements serve to answer the underlying questions. In the case of the work that these two authors did, it helped frame five different approaches; hence it can be stated that the quantitative methodological approach follows the logic of the paradigm. According to Guba and Lincoln (2000), the positivist paradigm is a vision or belief system that serves as a guide for the researcher to define their methodology and their ontological and epistemological positions. Along these lines, King, Keohane and Verna (2000) define quantitative research in the following way: The style that uses numbers and statistical methods. It is usually based on numerical measurements of certain aspects of the phenomena; starts from specific cases to arrive at a general description or to test causal hypotheses and looks for measurements and analyzes that other researchers can easily reproduce (p.14) For this work, a review of bibliographic sources was carried out to reach an explanatory level, since, in it, it is possible to determine the causes of the phenomenon and find a better understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. Hernández, Fernández and Baptista (2010) point out that the explanatory scope "is aimed at responding to the causes of physical or social events and phenomena" (p. 85).
Furthermore, "as its name indicates, its interest is focused on explaining why a phenomenon occurs and under what conditions it manifests itself, or why two or more variables are related" (p. 84). So, this study will try to explain the relationship between school culture and family culture to achieve health promotion (Hernández et al., 2010, p. 84). Therefore, we carry out a scientific analysis, a systematic process of inquiry, collection, organization, analysis and interpretation of information or data on the subject of violence against women in the confinement stage by SARS-CoV-2 , with the interest of leading to the construction of new knowledge . It should be noted that primary information sources requested from the Municipal Public Security Secretariat (SSPM) of Ciudad Juárez were consulted. Likewise, documents were used that "are the result of other investigations, of reflections by theorists, which represents the theoretical basis of the area under investigation, knowledge is built from their reading, analysis, reflection and interpretation of said documents " (Morales, 2003, p. 20). No single meaning was pursued, but rather: The very understanding of the phenomenon, the explanation of the reality to which reference is made, therefore, reading is, in this sense, an instrument of discovery, research, recreation and learning; therefore, it is essential for the development of projects (Morales, 2003, pp. 22).

Results
Ciudad Juárez is no exception with respect to the increase in complaints of gender  (2020) This graph shows that Ciudad Juárez has the highest rate of complaints from January 1 to April 15. We understand that the confinement began in mid-March in Mexico and has lasted until at least December 1. To explain the crisis and gender violence we must start from a sociocultural approach. For Ritzer (2003), until recently the masculine had been taken as a reference point for studies of a social nature above the feminine. One of the causes of this fact is that the values and prejudices that previously benefited men and women subjected the latter to the canons of the home and rigorously to reproductive activity (the private) and not to the productive one (the public). In this same sense, Flores (2014) takes up Beauvoir and points out that the social difference between the sexes has several premises: Reproduction (biological) is identified as the phenomenon of subjection to which women have anchored their history, in such a way that the female role was determined by the reproductive function, causing the exclusion of women from different activities that progressively became the most valued socially. Thus, the division of labor based on sex meant the assessment of the difference in tasks, which gradually became inequality between the sexes. (p. 17).
Right there, gender is defined "as a system that guides the different representations of sex based on cultural demands" (Flores, 2014, p. 20). Furthermore, gender is an ideological system whose different methods situate the modeling of the specific social representation of the sexes; determines specific forms of behavior established according to biological sex, and as a system of social regulation that guides a specific cognitive-social structuring, which is built from the biological that normalises the notions of what "is" masculine and feminine . This means that "nature assigns the' biological data ', but culture is what defines the modalities that the difference adopts" (Flores, 2014, p. 20). This is how the social representations of being a man and a woman and the roles assigned in a specific society have been created, objectified and anchored. For his part, Lamas (1995) mentions that gender is the set of beliefs, behaviors, obligations, but also rights that are socially constructed taking sexual difference as a basis. This social construct functions as a kind of cultural "filter" with which it is explained to the world, the way in which people's decisions and opportunities are specified depending on whether they have a woman's body or a man's body. Societies in the world classify how it should be "the proper" for women and "the proper" for men. From these cultural ideas, the social obligations of each sex are established with a series of symbolic prohibitions, but also symbolic permissions.
However, unlike men, women have some cultural variants that can restrict the situation discussed above. Lamas (1995) suggests that societies establish social obligations that build barriers or limitations that prevent women from accessing preventions on her health.

The concept of vulnerability, as indicated by the Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean [ECLAC] (2002), refers to the result of exposure to risks plus the inability to face them and the inability to actively adapt(p. 3).
There are differentiated vulnerabilities for men and women, many of which are a consequence of the process by which society dictates different patterns of behavior to each of the genders, as will be seen later. Here, however, we will speak specifically about those vulnerabilities that affect women, since we consider it important, in addition to making their specificity visible, to be able to identify some of the determinants of these vulnerabilities associated with belonging to the female sex and gender.
Fuente: Fiscalía Especializada de la Mujer Chihuahua (2020) Power relations on issues of gender violence in our culture have been prevalent so that they continue to have high figures in crime behaviors. Alonso and Castellanos (2006) mention that gender violence includes all violence against women, not only violence against women in the family environment, one of the most frequent expressions of gender violence. In the couple not only violence against women occurs, but also violence against the male partner and we can also find violence between same-sex couples. Thus, violence against women in the partner is one of the subtypes of gender violence. The asymmetric power relations that predominate in couples favor the submission and economic dependence of women to men, which frequently limits or causes them not to have access to another option other than suffering or enduring the different types of gender violence ( Alonso and Castellanos, 2006 It is considered relevant to show the figures and trends presented in said study in order to outline and highlight the importance of the role that public institutions should take to focus on interrupting this process of victimization and preventing future violent episodes. "[It is a] necessity (…) that the State and its agents intervene more actively in the prevention and eradication of violence against women" (p. 12). It is also the responsibility of the State and its public servants to "ensure and guarantee the exercise of women's human rights and in particular their right to a life free of violence" (p. 12). And it distinguishes "different types of violence (physical, sexual and psychological) and areas of occurrence (family, the workplace, the school environment and the community); types and areas that should be addressed by public policies "(p. 12). It is vitally important to prevent violent behaviors from being reported only after multiple episodes of mistreatment and abuse in its different forms and for violence to reach such a point of its ultimate expression: femicide, which is why we insist on the relevance of having actions by the police institutions that specialize in the adequate attention to gender violence, so that the service they provide can combat and prevent this social situation efficiently and effectively. In the analysis of the aforementioned research, the terms femicide / III. There is a history or data of any type of violence in the family, work or school environment, of the active subject against the victim; IV. There has been a sentimental, emotional or trust relationship between the asset and the victim; V. There are data that establish that there were threats related to the criminal act, harassment or injuries of the active subject against the victim; VI. The victim has been held incommunicado, whatever the time prior to the deprivation of life; VII. The body of the victim is exposed or exhibited in a public place 2

Discussion
This section details the methodology for preparing the Police Protocol, the information of which has been taken directly from the legal document that authorizes the harm. This function involves a set of movements that seek to stop any violent behavior on the part of an aggressor through the immediate application of a wide range of force that extends from mere presence (with the psychological pressure that this implies) to 2 Artículo 325 del Código Penal Federal, última reforma publicada en el Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF). Actualmente, los 32 códigos penales de las entidades federativas (CPEF) del país han tipificado el delito de feminicidio. Cabe destacar que no todas las definiciones en los CPEF están armonizadas con el Código Penal Federal; en este sentido, es necesaria su revisión y armonización en todo el territorio nacional. physical force. in its various degrees (Presidencia Municipal Juárez, Chihuahua, 2017).
The Police Protocol has three transversal principles of operation in the care of women victims of gender violence. The first of these is the pro-person principle, which is aimed at privileging, selecting and favoring the application of the legal norm that best protects the fundamental rights of the human being.
In this sense, the rule that will prevail is the one that best protects or least restricts the human being in the exercise of their fundamental rights (...), since the important thing is to ensure the exercise and guarantee of human rights, preserve dignity and encourage the development of people (Presidencia Municipal Juárez, Chihuahua, 2017, p. 2).
The second principle is the gender perspective. This is understood as a tool that identifies and recognizes the social differences between women, men and intersex people to establish actions aimed at promoting situations of equity. By incorporating this approach, discrimination, inequality and exclusion of women, which have traditionally been justified by biological differences, can be identified, questioned and valued.
It also allows evaluating the differentiated impacts of the concrete application of the law between men and women, given the assignment of According to Corchado (cited in Miranda, May 21, 2020), from the sanitary measures implemented by the federal and state governments, through which they restricted economic activity, both parents were confined to their homes and they left their work centers, some of them with a lower percentage of salary due to the closure of industry, companies and commerce in the city. Faced with this situation, the tension and stress of the family members triggered acts of family violence, before which, usually, the victim (woman) is afraid to report, because the aggressor is with them all the time, the director of the IMM, Verónica Corchado Espinoza, agreed.
It seems to me that in this confinement as the aggressors are generally there, that on the one hand and on the other the women are so overwhelmed with work or school that they are multiplied now as teachers and also by the same housework they have children and what it does is that it aggravates the situation of violence (Corchado, citada en Miranda, 21 de mayo de 2020, párr. 6).
In addition, it is added that, if the courts are closed, the victims have no other way to face this situation. For this reason, dialogues have been opened with women both privately and with groups of five women, virtual consultancies that help a lot to face this moment and give them support, in addition to monitoring with some women the situation that is prevailing in their homes. Corchado Espinoza (quoted in Miranda, May 21, 2020) reported that, compared to last year, they have an increase of 15% this year in cases that the municipal agency dealt with in terms of domestic violence. She herself indicated that one of the reasons why women do not make the decision to report an assault is because the assailant is permanently with her; Another cause is the triple shift, which results in women being disabled to make decisions, and a third reason is that the conditions are not right in the city to go out. According to Miranda's note (May 21, 2020), the coordinator of the Center of Justice for Women of the State Government (Cejum) affirmed that they support women victims of violence to file a legal complaint. It was stated that there is also coordination with the Unevid of the SSPM, that is, when when asking for help, the aggressor cannot be arrested at the time the events occur and those affected are transferred to Cejum to file their complaint. Finally, she expressed that, unfortunately, due to the contingency issue, there is no way that the victims can leave easily, because their attacker is most of the time with them. Faced with this situation of insecurity, the recommendations issued are that, if it were the case in which they manage to do so, the first thing they should remember is to ask for help to be able to give them the support they need, they can be channeled to a shelter, give them empowerment that they need and prevent them from returning to the aggressor (Corchado, 21 de mayo de 2020).

Conclusions
It is extremely important that the municipal, state and federal governments have measures so that this violence does not worsen, since we must take into account that the most critical part of this contingency is still missing. Several outbreaks have been experienced in several countries and the threat of this health emergency must be recognized: Governments have to protect vulnerable groups. Finally, there are some points to discuss on this topic. The first of them is to improve the gender perspective in all the responses given by the Government to the contingency of the coronavirus, taking into account the different contexts that potentiate violence. It is also essential to ensure the participation of women in decision-making positions, as well as the strengthening of response services to family and sexual violence in the context of confinement, that is, the traditional mechanisms of response to a situation of violence. It is also essential that the capacity of security agents and justice actors be strengthened, as well as sanctions for family violence; offer differentiated care (according to their real context) to women who suffer some type of violence, guarantee the availability and continuity of sexual and reproductive health services, as well as the promotion of a mental health policy. Within future lines of research, it remains to address the effects of training on the issue of gender

Future lines of research
After the study carried out, it is clear that the confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic increased the number of telephone calls due to domestic violence in the municipality of Ciudad Juárez, so an action protocol is urgently needed to monitor the calls to 911, requires a multidisciplinary intervention, psychologists, social workers, sociologists and doctors to follow up in a timely manner to the cases. What remains pending is to know the factors that determine gender violence in the domestic sphere through the design of statistical scales with the interest of general public policies that prevent violence, however, adequate health conditions are needed to start with these new lines of research.